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【按:一位讀者從《基本法23條》連家中有《蘋果日報》,也可能「違法」,談及漢學家孔飛力關於大清帝國獵巫的經典名著《叫魂》。年前曾經介紹過這本書的現實意義,今天應用在這個荒誕的時代,毫不過時,現重溫一遍:】

// Many happenings in HK and the mainland have been running through my head of late. I find there’re many parallels with an incident called the Sorcery Scare (also known as the “soulstealers” coined by Harvard historian Philip Kuhn) under the reign of Qianlong Emperor: a tyrant’s endless nervousness about any potential threat against his authoritarian rule, mass hysteria, social tensions, the relationship between centralized power and local bureaucrats, and the inner mechanism of an totalitarian regime. The Emperor’s political sense, though full of confidence in his ruling, construed clipping off a single strand of people’s queues as a clandestine plot to overthrow his regime. To show their loyalty, or more accurately, their KPIs, many bureaucrats resorted to torture in order to extract forced confessions, which further reinforced the Emperor's conviction.   


Isn’t this exactly happening now in HK and mainland bureaucracies? The Q&A during the HK security bill readings and government spinning, the absurd criticisms leveled at Mo Yan, Nongfu Spring, and Tsinghua University, among many others. The only exception is today’s emperor has a heightened sense of paranoia and insecurity, suspecting that everyone—even handpicked subordinates and one-time intimates—is potentially going to mount a coup.   


He also has fears multifold more than that of the Qianlong Emperor, not only guarding against conceivable internal rebellious forces but also cracking down on many external foes that refuse to submit to his self-established norms and rules. As a result, a basket of loyal waste is electrified by this far-left trend, jumping on the bandwagon and further undermining our city in the name of national security for their own interests. // 

美國漢學家孔飛力 (Philip Alden Kuhn,1933-2016) 的經典名著《叫魂:1768年中國妖術大恐慌》,重構了中國上一個盛世的一件偶發危機,設想發生在今天的中國或美國,當令人有相當啟示。

孔飛力生於英國倫敦,哈佛大學歷史系博士畢業,師從費正清等,其後曾參軍,然後長期於哈佛大學任教。孔飛力擅長研究中國社會史,並修正了主流西方史觀,認為在鴉片戰爭前,中國社會已經出現內在結構性變革,這觀點影響了他之後的一代人。

他探討的奇案發生在1768年(乾隆33年),正值清朝統治達到巔峰之時,在富裕的江南地區,卻一連發生的幾宗神秘「叫魂」案件。所謂「叫魂」,據說是一種對活人姓名、毛髮或衣物作法的民間巫術,相傳只要術士將特定人士的姓名寫在紙片上,或是取得其毛髮或衣物的一角,然後施以法術,就能偷取其精氣,令其為自己服務,或可致其生病、甚至死亡。「叫魂」從偏遠鄉鎮開始流傳,引起當地居民恐慌,石匠、乞丐、游方僧侶等成為替罪羔羊,不少被村民捕捉至官府,甚或毆打至死。然而傳言並沒有終止,反而越演越烈,遍及遠至陝西的全國十二個省份,最終甚至引起了乾隆注意,更下旨進行「全國滅妖運動」。

這令人想起在公元12-16世紀,基督教壟斷歐洲意識形態與思想之時,對一切未知現象都以靈異角度解讀,開始以「女巫」為代罪羔羊和逼害對象,繼而演變成利用群眾的盲從和愚昧,以「女巫」為名處決政治、宗教異見者的結構性行為,估計數百年間有數萬人被當作「女巫」處決,最著名的犧牲者包括法國聖女貞德。

孔飛力認為,「叫魂」危機和歐洲獵巫一樣,反映在大清盛世,隱藏了大量社會矛盾,導致人心不穩,雖然社會經濟迅速發展,但人口也隨之急劇增加,至乾隆中期,中國人口已增至逾兩億,令每個人的生活空間愈趨狹窄,而且耕地開發已近飽和,意味著已沒有足夠糧食,去養活過多的新人口,人均收入的增長早已進入瓶頸,基層平民基本上不可能分享任何經濟發展的紅利,雖然未有後來大規模民變的催化劑,但生活已經開始不安。

在這種隱藏矛盾與危機、同時也是中央集權的社會環境,生活變得愈來愈困難的平民百姓,很容易變得更自私,由於缺乏制度保障,容易動輒為自己的利益而犧牲他人。在「叫魂」事件中,不少人以為是面對生死攸關的危險,引起他們對自身生存的恐懼,從而令流言迅速蔓延,而且輕易將帶來這些恐懼、不安和危險的責任,歸咎於社會上的非我族類和邊緣群體,也就是今天社會科學術語的「他者」。孔飛力指出,「叫魂」正體現了基層平民的補償心理,在生活困苦中,通過遷怒和迫害邊緣群體,來為自身帶來心理上的補償。

當時大清雖然未「改革開放」,但民間教育程度並不低,本應對「叫魂」一類傳言有一定抵禦能力,但結果卻演變成全國危機,假如當時就有互聯網一類科技,恐怕羊群效應也許更快速而嚴重。而且在同溫層主導的網絡世界,尋找他者本來就是基本運作模式,不斷被點名出來的「叫魂司」,其實就是今天網絡社會經常出現的「鬼」,而最熱衷「捉鬼」的通常都不是有權有勢的人,而是處於權力核心以外、滿腔不忿的失敗者,他們對找出連自己也能加害的對象,以示自己依然有存在價值,從而掩飾自身的結構性問題,往往最為熱衷。

既然了解了上述結構,沒有大數據輔助的乾隆可以怎辦?和今天的各國威權領袖又有何不同?

(待續)

*改編自沈旭暉《信報財經新聞》文章

▶️ 湯家驊的國民教育:中國五千年來沒有侵略任何國家?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mhzsncz7rqQ 

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Comments

George

One major difference in the form of oppression is that those in the period of Qianlong were with one leader at the top and a rigid hierarchy of oppression flowing downward. In contrast, most political movements after 1949 were sometimes carried out the other way around, adopting an inverted pyramid hierarchy. People in lower classes were granted the tacit right to express their grievances towards individuals with political privileges or great amounts of wealth. Big brother showed an intention of firing a warning shot across the bows of everyone—regardless of their position or social class—signaling that everything they own was given by him and can be taken back whenever necessary, especially when their loyalty is in doubt: loyalty that is not absolute is absolutely disloyal (忠誠不絕對就是絕對不忠誠), as proposed by a CCP member. Nowadays, thanks to strict watertight control over social media, the influence of hundreds of millions of netizens is at the Party’s disposal for political ends. As stated by Dr. Shen, the conviction of “soulstealers” reflects the psychology and the feeling among local bureaucrats and lower classes. Amidst hardships in life, they found solace in expressing bitterness by persecuting marginalized groups of the grassroots. Under the reign of the CCP, however, “the philosophy of contradiction” (矛盾論) was applied to the entire society, and thus the form of oppression was more like a closed loop, first from top to bottom, and then abruptly from bottom to top. A long-simmering, deep resentment among the lower classes could be unleashed in most extreme violence and brutality against those who had once abused them when the opportunity arose. These had happened time after time over the decades in a wave of violent political movements. HK may have completed the first part of the cycle. Will the second part be due to occur? Which incompetent foremen will be given a big “X” on his/her face by the Chairman?

堅離地書院 College

The interesting point is that the emperor seemed to be sober. Never really believed in soulstealers. But the current one does.